Top 125 Best Board, Card, Dice, Word & Other Games

A GAME is structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports/games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games).

Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical skills, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, simulational, or psychological role.

Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of the oldest known games.

• 2 tantalising teasers from the prince of puzzles - The Guardian.
• 9 DARTER - YouTube. Michael van Gerwen: almost 2 in a row. 17 perfect darts!
• 50 BEST BOARD GAMES - source: The Independent.
• 50 Questions to Expose Literally Everyone in a Game of "Never Have I Ever" - "Because thinking of these on your own is, frankly, too hard."
• 300 New Words Added to Scrabble Dictionary - "Scrabble enthusiasts will have 300 new words added to the Scrabble dictionary to up their game, thanks to the sixth edition of the popular board game."
• Agresti Casino Royale Multi-Game Armoire - roulette, backgammon, bridge, blackjack, chess, poker, mah-jong, dominos, and playing cards.
• ANGRY BIRDS - since 2009. Popular casual puzzle video game. Immensely popular among smartphone users.
• Are You a Checker or an Unchecker? - "One Million Checkboxes, a simple online game that invites visitors to click or unclick check boxes, has become an unintentional case study in human behavior." A Washington Post newsletter called it 'the most pointless website on the planet' - which it seemed to mean as a compliment.
• Before you share your next Wordle score, remember this - "Wordle is, first and foremost, a pandemic story. Told as a love story in the pages of the Times, the game's creator, Josh Wardle, developed it for his partner, an avid word-game player. That idea - that a game created as an act of love soon won the hearts of millions of players - is a pleasantly wholesome respite from the start of a grindingly unpleasant new year (thanks, Omicron). It also allows a moment of shared experience at a time when, in parts of the country, in-person events have been canceled."
• Bezique - 19th-century French melding and trick-taking card game for two players.
• bet your brain - "The game where everybody has a chance."
• Blind man's buff - variant of tag in which the player who is "It" is blindfolded.
• Board Game Geek - "Gaming Unplugged since 2000." The main 'go to' site to learn about games. Online board gaming resource and community. The site is updated on a real-time basis by its large and still growing user base, making the 'Geek the largest and most up-to-date place to get gaming information!
• BOCCIA - a traditional recreational sport for athletes who require a wheelchair because of physical disability.
• BOULE LYONNAISE - the aim is to throw your boules (balls) as close to the jack as possible, and keep them there.
• Bouts-RimÉs - literally (from the French) "rhymed-ends", is the name given to a kind of poetic game defined by Addison, in the Spectator, as "lists of words that rhyme to one another, drawn up by another hand, and given to a poet, who was to make a poem to the rhymes in the same order that they were placed upon the list." The more odd and perplexing the rhymes are, the more ingenuity is required to give a semblance of common sense to the production.
• BRUNSWICK BOWLING - the recognized leader in the bowling industry. Manufacturers of world class bowling balls, bowling shoes, bowling equipment.
• Buraco - Rummy-type card game in the Canasta family for four players in fixed partnerships in which the aim is to lay down combinations in groups of cards of equal rank and suit sequences, there being a bonus for combinations of seven cards or more.
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• Byblos Burraco Table - since 1967. "An ideal accessory for your card games by the pool or on Byblos beach! This mat unfolds to reveal a 1 sq.m playing surface. The glossy orange colour was created exclusively for our collection. Heritage monogram coated cotton canvas. Suede lining Silver metal features. Width: 31.5 cm - Depth : 33 cm - Height : 4 cm. Made in Italy."
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• Byblos DOUBLE PLAYING CARD SET - since 1967. "A playing card holder (for 2 decks of cards) made from coated orange canvas, created exclusively for our collection. The holder contains two decks of 52 cards, a notepad and a pencil. Heritage monogram coated cotton canvas. Suede lining. Silver metal features. Width: 10.5 cm, Depth: 3.5cm, Height: 15.5cm. Made in Italy."
• Can board games teach us about the climate crisis? Game creators say yes - "Board games might be the best learning device to think creatively about impending climate disaster."
• Can you solve these fiendishly difficult puzzles? - The guardian.
• Canasta - card game of the rummy family of games believed to be a variant of 500 Rum. Although many variations exist for two, three, five or six players, it is most commonly played by four in two partnerships with two standard decks of cards. Players attempt to make melds of seven cards of the same rank and "go out" by playing all cards in their hand. It is the only partnership member of the family of Rummy games to achieve the status of a classic.
• Canfield (solitaire) - a patience or solitaire card game with a very low probability of winning.
• 'Chair challenge' has couples in hysterics as women easily complete the task - but men can't do it - "The bizarre challenge - involving a wall and a chair - gained notoriety on TikTok. Scientists have different thoughts on why women have success but men don't. One theory is men have bigger feet which makes them further away from wall."
• Charades - parlor or party word guessing game. Originally, the game was a dramatic form of literary charades: a single person would act out each syllable of a word or phrase in order, followed by the whole phrase together, while the rest of the group guessed. A variant was to have teams who acted scenes out together while the others guessed. Today, it is common to require the actors to mime their hints without using any spoken words, which requires some conventional gestures. Puns and visual puns were and remain common.
• Chinese whispers - internationally popular children's game in which players form a line, and the first player comes up with a message and whispers it to the ear of the second person in the line. The second player repeats the message to the third player, and so on.
• Churchill Solitaire - not a game for everyone. It takes patience and perseverance, cunning and concentration, and strategy and sacrifice.
• Codenames became the board game of the decade - "'Trying something out' with a few scribbled notes, Czech games maestro Vlaada Chvátil conceived a tabletop contest than has since sold more than 15m units. Now it’s coming to take over your phone."
• conversation cards: No small talk: how conversation cards became our favorite way to connect - "Conversation card games can be entertaining at parties - and help us foster deep connections and intimacy, which can otherwise be elusive."
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• CROQUET - lawn game, played both as a recreational pastime and as a competitive sport.
• Dead of Winter - "A Crossroads Game." Meta-cooperative psychological survival game. This means the players are working together toward one common victory condition--but for each individual player to achieve victory, they must also complete their personal secret objective. It puts 2-5 players together in a small, weakened colony of survivors in a world where most of humanity are either dead or diseased, flesh-craving monsters. Each player leads a faction of survivors with dozens of different characters in the game.
• Did you solve it? The enduring appeal of Venn diagrams - The Guardian.
• DIPLOMACY - strategic board wargame. John F. Kennedy's and Henry Kissinger's favorite game.
• Draughts - or checkers (American English) is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces.
• E3 | ELECTRONIC ENTERTAINMENT EXPO - annual trade show for the computer and video games industry presented by the Entertainment Software Association (ESA). E3 is widely considered to be the ultimate expo in the video game industry.
• ÉcartÉ - old French casino game for two players that is still played today. It is a trick-taking game, similar to whist, but with a special and eponymous discarding phase; the word écarté meaning "discarded".
• Eeny, meeny, miny, moe - children's counting rhyme, used to select a person to be "it" for games (such as tag) and similar purposes such as counting out a child who has to be excluded from a group of children as part of a playground game.
• EIGA | EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE GAMES AWARD
• Exploring the Different Types of Board Games + REAL Examples (2018) - Game Cows.
• Faro (card game) - Pharaoh, Pharao, or Farobank is a late 17th-century French gambling card game. It is descended from Basset, and belongs to the Lansquenet and Monte Bank family of games due to the use of a banker and several players. Winning or losing occurs when cards turned up by the banker match those already exposed.
• FEZ - platform game.
• fidget spinner craze goes global - The Guardian.
• Finally, I can solve a Rubik’s Cube - "But I needed a Bluetooth-connected cube and an app to get me there."
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• ForeverSpin - "ForeverSpin has brought back the world's oldest toy!" Precision, Durability and Elegance is what sets Foreverspin™ apart from other spinning tops. A Spinning Top that is built to last forever.
• GAME CRITICS AWARDS - best of E3.
• GEOCACHING - special treasure hunt for finding objects called "geocaches", which can be anything from a small metal tube to tupperware to ammunition cans. To join the hunt, you must have a GPS-enabled device and a free membership at Geocaching.com.
• Gin Rommy - or simply gin, is a two-player card game created in 1909. It is a variant of rummy.
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• GOBBLET - strategy board game. How to play. Game rules.
• Hoopla - carnival game in which the player attempts to throw hoops around pegs.
• How games shape our consciousness - "The ancient invention that ignited game play. Being able to create randomness is a complex idea based on a simple invention that gave us play, gambling and maybe even ritual."
• HOW LEGO CAME TO BE THE WORLD'S MOST FAMOUS BRICK - Wired.
• How to Get the ‘Wordle’ Game on Your Android, iPhone, or iPad Home Screen - "If you’ve joined the Wordle craze, you may be wondering why the game is only available on the web. That’s because Wordle creator Josh Wardle has no intention of spinning his 'labor of love' into an app. Thankfully, it’s easy to get Wordle on your Android, iPhone, or iPad home screen, where it will act just like an app."
• How to perform the 'coin in the cup' magic trick - The Telegraph.
• How to Play Boar on the Floor With Your Pathetic Friends - "Boar on the Floor, for those of you who don’t know, or have already tried to erase it from your psyche, was introduced to the world in Succession, season two, episode three."
• How to play Monopoly in 2016 - The Verge.
• HOW TO SOLVE A RUBIK'S CUBE IN 5 SECONDS - OR LESS - Wired.
• How Wordle's Creator Feels About Selling His Viral Game - "The Wordle creator Josh Wardle talks about why he created the game, the internet's ethos, and why he sold to the New York Times." TIME Magazine.
• I went to market and bought ... - "You start at the beginning of the alphabet and say whatever it is beginning with A, the next player then says 'I went to market and bought ...' [thing beginning with A] and [thing beginning with B]."
• internet's obsession with brain teasers - The Guardian.
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• Jack Puzzle - "Six different notched brass bars make up this brass puzzle, paperweight, and desk object." This puzzle seems plain enough—it’s just six brass bars. You won’t be able to resist pulling it apart, but leave plenty of time to reassemble it: Even with instructions, this beautiful desk ornament is a bear to build. Luckily, there’s nothing more satisfying than making this thing whole again.
• Kim's Game - game or exercise played by Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and Girl Guides, and other children's groups. The game develops a person's capacity to observe and remember details. The name is derived from Rudyard Kipling's 1901 novel Kim, in which the hero, Kim, plays the game during his training as a spy.
• LAWN GAMES - Wikipedia.
• Lansquenet - card game, named after the French spelling of the German word Landsknecht ('servant of the land or country'), which refers to 15th- and 16th-century German mercenary foot soldiers.
• LIST OF BOARD GAMES - Wikipedia.
• List of patience games - Wikipedia.
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• Louis Vuitton PLAYING CARDS & POUCH ARSÈNE - "This playful pouch contains an elegant pack of Louis Vuitton playing cards. The perfect companion for a nomadic lifestyle, it features bright red leather and a contrasting lining for a playful look."
• Louis Vuitton unveils mahjong set made of engraved jade, reportedly costs S$108,000 - "Louis Vuitton has unveiled its take on the mahjong set at its Savoir Faire Universe showcase in Taiwan."
• MAHJONG - game of skill, strategy and calculation and involves a certain degree of chance that originated in China, commonly played by four players.
• Malarky - trivia board game.
• MASTERMIND - code-breaking board game for two players.
• Mattel launches new, less ‘intimidating’ version of Scrabble - "Instead of competing, players collaborate to complete goal cards, and there are helper cards if assistance is required. The aim is that the new game mode 'brings people together'."
• Miss Milligan - patience game which is played using two decks of playing cards. According to Peter Arnold, author of Card Games for One, this classic game's popularity in England is due to the player's ability to recover from seemingly hopeless positions.
• Mobile Games to Make Time Fly - The New York Times.
• MONOPOLY - named after the economic concept of monopoly, the domination of a market by a single entity.
• Monopoly gets a makeover as millions vote on new board game tokens - The Guardian.
• Move over Wordle; the New York Times might have found its next hit game - "A new puzzle called Connections is officially joining the newspaper’s portfolio of games this week.Connections, which also can be played on desktop and mobile web, is a word association game that presents players with 16 words and challenges them to group them together in four different topics. Players have four chances to solve the puzzle before losing."
• Musical chairs - traditional game known all over the world, played by a group of people (usually children), often at a birthday party. The game starts with any number of players and a number of chairs one less than the number of players; the chairs are arranged in a circle (or other closed figure if space is constrained; a double line is sometimes used) facing outward, with the people standing in a circle just outside of that.
• Nash equilibrium - solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players.
• Never have I ever - "Never have I ever", also known as "I've never..." or "ten fingers", is a drinking game in which players take turns asking other players about things they have not done. Other players who have done this thing respond by taking a drink. A version that requires no drinking, usually played by children and underage adolescents, has players counting scores on their fingers instead.
• Newcomb's problem divides philosophers. Which side are you on? take the test yourself - The Guardian.
• Noughts & crosses - paper-and-pencil game for two players, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3×3 grid. The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game.
• Numbers game - illegal lottery played mostly in poor neighborhoods in the United States.
• One designer’s ongoing quest to make the perfect mobile Solitaire - "Zach Gage makes a second attempt with Flip Flop Solitaire on iPhone."
• One Million Checkboxes - "(Checking a box checks it for everyone!)"
• Are You a Checker or an Unchecker? - "One Million Checkboxes, a simple online game that invites visitors to click or unclick check boxes, has become an unintentional case study in human behavior." A Washington Post newsletter called it 'the most pointless website on the planet' - which it seemed to mean as a compliment.
• osmo - award-winning educational gaming system that works with your iPad and three game apps to transform the physical space in front of the iPad into a digital game board. Recommended for ages six and older, the games help increase problem solving, creative thinking, visual, spatial, and abstract thinking skills.
• OUIJA BOARD - also known as a spirit / fire key board or talking board.
• Pall mall - lawn game that was mostly played in the 16th and 17th centuries, a precursor to croquet.
• PARLOUR GAMES - many parlour games involve logic or word-play. Others are more physical games, but not to the extent of a sport or exercise. Some also involve dramatic skill, such as in charades. Most do not require any equipment beyond what would be available in a typical parlour. Parlour games are usually competitive, but cumulative scores are not usually kept. The length and ending time of the game is typically not set; play continues until the players decide to end the game.
• Patience - or solitaire in the US, is a genre of tabletop games, consisting of card games that can be played by a single player. Patience games can also be played in a multiplayer fashion.
• Perquackey - since 1956. Word game played with dice. The game is played with 10 black-lettered dice and three red-lettered dice.
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• PÉTANQUE - a form of boules where the goal is, while standing with the feet together in a small circle, to throw hollow metal balls as close as possible to a small wooden ball called a cochonnet (jack).
• Pinochle - trick-taking card game typically for two to four players and played with a 48-card deck.
• Piquet - early 16th-century trick-taking card game for two players.
• Playing card - piece of specially prepared heavy paper, thin cardboard, plastic-coated paper, cotton-paper blend, or thin plastic, marked with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing card games. Playing cards are typically palm-sized for convenient handling.
• Re-Thinking the Game of Monopoly - Big Think.
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• Ritz Paris Monopoly - "You are welcome to stay at the Ritz Paris and discover all of its wonders through this game of Monopoly. Explore the Suite Impériale, relax by the Ritz Club swimming pool and enjoy the beautiful Grand Jardin, all in the spirit of César Ritz!"
• Rock-paper-scissors - hand game usually played by two people, where players simultaneously form one of three shapes with an outstretched hand.
• RUBIK'S CUBE - invented in 1974 by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture ErnŐ Rubik.
• Rubik’s Cube Turns 50 - "Mathematicians and hobbyists have had a half-century of fun exploring the 43 billion billion permutations of Erno Rubik’s creation."
• world’s smallest Rubik’s Cube & it actually works - "Each face of the cube, which is made from aluminum, measures about five millimeters (around 0.2 inches) across. Weighing just 0.3 grams (about 0.01 ounces), the puzzle is about a 1,000th of the size of the original, which measures around 2.2 inches across each face. And each side of the nine squares on the device’s six faces measures just 1.6 millimeters (around 0.06 inches). Sold at 777,777 yen ($5,320)."
• Rummy - group of matching card games notable for similar gameplay based on matching cards of the same rank or sequence and same suit. The basic goal in any form of rummy is to build melds which consists of sets, three or four of a kind of the same rank; or runs, three or more cards in sequence, of the same suit. You can also have mixed runs in all types of rummy so long as all 7 cards are in order.
• Scavenger hunt - a game in which the organizers prepare a list defining specific items, using which the participants — individuals or teams — seek to gather all items on the list - usually without purchasing them - or perform tasks or take photographs of the items, as specified.
• SCRABBLE - word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a gameboard marked with a 15×15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary.
• Scrabble: Play Online For Free - "Play your favorite game of Scrabble with friends and family or practice against the computer in real-time. Play Scrabble online for free now!"
• SCOPA - Italian card game.
• SECOND LIFE - launched 2003. Online virtual world: a number of free client programs called Viewers enable Second Life users, called Residents, to interact with each other through avatars. Residents can explore the world (known as the grid), meet other residents, socialize, participate in individual and group activities, and create and trade virtual property and services with one another.
• Shell game - (also known as Thimblerig, Three shells and a pea, the old army game) is portrayed as a gambling game, but in reality, when a wager for money is made, it is almost always a confidence trick used to perpetrate fraud. In confidence trick slang, this swindle is referred to as a short-con because it is quick and easy to pull off.
• SIMON SAYS - the rules.
• Skat (card game) - 3-player trick-taking card game devised around 1810 in Altenburg in the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. It is the national game of Germany and, along with Doppelkopf, it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia. It is considered one of the best and most interesting card games for 3 players.
• Skittles - game of bowling at pins, played primarily in Great Britain.
• Sleight of Hand - John Scarne "Exposé of Sleight of Hand": YouTube 8:57.
• Snakes and Ladders - ancient Indian board game regarded today as a worldwide classic. It is played between two or more players on a gameboard having numbered, gridded squares. A number of "ladders" and "snakes" are pictured on the board, each connecting two specific board squares. The object of the game is to navigate one's game piece, according to die rolls, from the start (bottom square) to the finish (top square), helped or hindered by ladders and snakes respectively.
• Solitaire - any tabletop game which one can play by oneself.
• Tamagotchi - keychain-sized virtual pet simulation game for people of all ages.
• Tarot card games - card games played with tarot decks, also known as Tarock decks. The basic rules first appeared in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona, written before 1425. The games, known as "tarot", "tarock", "tarocco" and other spellings, are known in many variations, mostly cultural and regional.
• Test yourself with the Sweet 16 puzzle - The Guardian.
• TETRIS - electronic puzzle game that was created by Alexey Pajitnov in 1984. The game (or one of its many variants) is available for nearly every video game console and computer operating system, as well as on devices such as graphing calculators, mobile phones, portable media players, PDAs, Network music players.
• Tetris Shown to Lessen PTSD and Flashbacks - Scientific American.
• The New York Times runs Wordle now & stats are getting m-e-s-s-y - "Its FAQ says your win streak info should just transfer - but that’s not the case for everyone."
• THE OFFICIAL U.S. MONOPOLY SITE
• Three-card Monte - also known as Find the Lady or the Three-card Trick — is a confidence game in which the victim, or mark, is tricked into betting a sum of money, on the assumption that they can find the money card among three face-down playing cards. It is the same as the shell game except that cards are used instead of shells.
• Tic-tac-toe - noughts and crosses (Commonwealth English), or Xs and Os (Canadian or Irish English) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players who take turns marking the spaces in a three-by-three grid with X or O. The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row is the winner. It is a solved game, with a forced draw assuming best play from both players.
• Tile-based game - game that uses tiles as one of the fundamental elements of play. Traditional tile-based games use small tiles as playing pieces for gambling or entertainment games. Some board games use tiles to create their board, giving multiple possibilities for board layout, or allowing changes in the board geometry during play.
• Tongue-Twisters - phrase that is designed to be difficult to articulate properly, and can be used as a type of spoken (or sung) word game.
• Treasure hunt - one of many different types of games which can have one or more players who try to find hidden articles, locations or places by using a series of clues. Treasure hunt games may be an indoor or outdoor activity. Outdoors they can be played in a garden or the treasure could be located anywhere around the world.
• Trente et Quarante - (Thirty and Forty), also called Rouge et Noir (Red and Black), is a 17th-century gambling card game of French origin played with cards and a special table. It is rarely found in US casinos, but still very popular in Continental European casinos, especially in France, Italy, and Monaco. It is a simple game that usually gives the players a very good expected return of more than 98%.
• Trick-taking game - card or tile-based game in which play of a hand centers on a series of finite rounds or units of play, called tricks, which are each evaluated to determine a winner or taker of that trick.
• TRIVIAL PURSUIT - a board game in which progress is determined by a player's ability to answer general knowledge and popular culture questions.
• Tug of war - (also known as tug o' war, tug war, rope war, rope pulling, or tugging war) is a sport that pits two teams against each other in a test of strength: teams pull on opposite ends of a rope, with the goal being to bring the rope a certain distance in one direction against the force of the opposing team's pull.
• Ultimate tic-tac-toe - (also known as super tic-tac-toe, meta tic-tac-toe or (tic-tac-toe)² is a board game composed of nine tic-tac-toe boards arranged in a 3 × 3 grid. Players take turns playing on the smaller tic-tac-toe boards until one of them wins on the larger board. Compared to traditional tic-tac-toe, strategy in this game is conceptually more difficult and has proven more challenging for computers.
• Up Jenkins - also known by the shortened name Jenkins, is a party game in which players conceal a small coin (or ring, button, etc.) in their palm as they slap it on a table with their bare hands. The goal of the game is for the players on the team without the coin to correctly identify which hand the coin is under.
• WCA | WORLD CUBE ASSOCIATION
• What in the world is happening to our beloved Wordle? - "Fans say the puzzle is getting harder, with some swearing they’ve had enough. We look at the psychology behind the game’s appeal and the rising discontent among players."
• What is Wordle? The new viral word game delighting the internet - "A pleasant little daily brainteaser, Wordle is a simple, shareable word guessing game that is gaining popularity on Twitter."
• What next for Wordle & its fans? - "Wordle has become an internet phenomenon - without playing by many of the usual digital rules."
• Whisky vs Water - learn how to master the ‘whisky vs water’ trick, which involves switching the liquids between glasses without spilling a drop.
• WORD GAMES - puzzles are spoken or board games often designed to test ability with language or to explore its properties.
• WORDFEUD - free multiplayer word game for iPhone and Android devices. Challenge your friends or play against random opponents. Play at your own pace. Participate in up to 30 games simultaneously. You can play Wordfeud with total strangers or invite friends from your contact list.
• WORDFEUD RECORDS
• Wordle will be free forever because you can right-click to save the whole game - "The genius of the web. Wordle is the pandemic game we didn’t know we needed, so there’s understandably some fear that its brand-new owner, The New York Times, might eventually ruin it somehow. But as technologist Aaron Rieke brilliantly explains in a Twitter thread, there’s little chance of that - because Wordle is a webpage, and webpages can be saved."
• WORDS WITH FRIENDS - multi-player popular word game running on the operating systems Android and iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch). The game is also available on Facebook.
• your monthly guide to the best new board games - The Guardian.
• Zero–sum game - in game theory and economic theory, a zero-sum game is a mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants. If the total gains of the participants are added up and the total losses are subtracted, they will sum to zero. Thus, cutting a cake, where taking a larger piece reduces the amount of cake available for others, is a zero-sum game if all participants value each unit of cake equally (see marginal utility).